Women Essay Example for Free

Women Essay In the persuasive paper, the issue of abortion through a Feminist perspective and ethical lens will be looked into. Much controversy surrounds the issue but looking at feminist theory, more specifically, radical feminist theory, the decision for a woman to abort should be available if needed. Not only that, but the decision should be left up to the pregnant woman and the pregnant woman only, as this is seen as a form of escaping male dominance in society. The main arguments that will be used within the paper are: most importantly the feminist perspective of abortion, a feminist perspective of a woman’s control over her sexuality and how this relates to abortion, birth control, and lastly the reasoning behind why women may choose to abort. The writing style the persuasive paper will follow is APA style, and the following are a list of scholarly sources that will be used: 1.Himmelweit, S. (1980). Abortion: Individual choice and social control. Feminist Review, 5(1), 65-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/fr.1980.13 is one of the sources that will be used in the persuasive paper. The journal informs and a report on original research, as well as it provides an analysis of issues specific to the discipline. These two reasons demonstrate a purpose of publication which clearly indicates that this is indeed a scholarly source. 2. Zampas, C., Gher, J. M. (2008). Abortion as a human right—international and regional standards. Oxford Journals, 8(2), 269-294. doi: 10.1093/hrlr/ngn008 is another source chosen to be used within the paper. Frequency of publication is often a good indication that a source is in fact scholarly. Often quarterly is a good forewarning of a scholarly source, which Oxford Journals is credible for. 3. Bridgeman, J. (2011). Wise women in community: building on everyday radical feminism for social change. Interface, 3(2), 288-293. Retrieved from http://www.interfacejournal.net/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Interfac

Big Business and The Robber Barons Essay -- Corporate America Consumer

The decades after the Civil War rapidly changed the face of the United States. The rapid industrialization of the nation changed us from generally agrarian to the top industrial power in the world. Business tycoons thrived during this time, forging great business empires with the use of trusts and pools. Farmers moved to the cities and into the factories, living off wages and changing the face of the workforce. This rapid industrialization created wide gaps in society, and the government, which had originally taken a hands off approach to business, was forced to step in. Many individuals took advantage of the rapid industrialization and high influx of cheap labor in the form of immigrants. Among these entrepreneurs were John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and George Pullman. Each made a name for themselves by forging their own corporate empire. Rockefeller was an industrialist and philanthropist who made his fortune by founding the Standard Oil Company in 1870. Attempting to monopolize the industry and squeeze out the middle man, Rockefeller slowly gained almost complete control of the oil industry. He formed the powerful Standard Oil Trust in 1882, which united all of his companies and secured 95% of oil production in the United States for himself. Rockefeller was an industrialist who stamped out all of his competition with his trust, eventually leading to Congress intervention. Andrew Carnegie found his fortune in steel. Arriving in America in 1848, he quickly made his way up society’s ladder and in 1870 founded the Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh. Carnegie was opposed to monopolistic practices, but succeeded in eliminating the middle man. He pioneered the tactic of â€Å"vertical integration†... ...elped to widen the rift between rich and poor. Farmers, who were once self-employed, were rapidly becoming factory workers. In 1860 half the nation was self-employed, but by 1900 two-thirds were dependent on wages. This trend caused the rapid urbanization of America, which brought out some issues. Wages were rising, so it was good to be working, but with dependent wages the workers we’re susceptible to economic downturns. The workplace also became much less personable as people began to move to factory jobs. New machines would often displace workers, and individual workers had little power to fight for their rights against the industries. There was always a fear of unemployment, and reformers struggled to protect wages and have provisions for temporary unemployment. As more people moved to the cities and the corporations grew, social rifts became larger and larger.

Individual Analysis of Working in a Group Situation

In this paper I will describe and analyze my experience working in a group situation, writing a paper on the movie 12 Angry Men. I will address therapeutic communication techniques used in our group situation. I will address any conflicts that arose in our group. Utilizing Tuckman’s group process theory, I will also address the effectiveness of our group process. Individual Analysis of Working in a Group Situation Learning how to work effectively in a group situation is key to success in many professions as well as in social situations. Groups vary from each other based on the individuals that make up each group, all of us belong to various groups at one time or another. The roles that we fulfill vary from group to group, and may even vary within the same group over time. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the communication process and the interaction of my group during the completion of an assignment. The group consisted of four members. Our task was to prepare an analysis paper on the movie 12 Angry Men. Because this was only a four-member group focused on a single specific task, there was a high level of cohesiveness and no conflict. Our group would be considered a secondary group because the relationship was impersonal and goal-oriented (Arnold & Boggs, 2011). Every member of a group plays a certain functional role within the group. Some functional roles relate to the task aspect of the group, while others promote social interaction. These functions are manifested in the behaviors of individual members and affect group dynamics. Task functions include such behaviors as; identifying tasks, coordinating, clarifying and summarizing. Maintenance functions include such behaviors as harmonizing, gatekeeping, encouraging and compromising. All of the members of our group were task specialists (Arnold & Boggs, 2011). According to Arnold and Boggs (2011), when task specialists dominate a group, members become dissatisfied and collaboration is diminished. However, this was not the case with our group. Due to the fact that our group was very task oriented and we collaborated well with each other everyone was satisfied with the experience. Our group was able to effectively function without a designated leader. As a group, we had many strengths. I believe one of our biggest strengths was our effective communication. When we met in person all the members of our group used therapeutic communication such as active listening, paraphrasing, and summarizing. We were all very respectful of each other and maintained eye contact and receptive nonverbal communication. There were several times during the movie that we paused the movie to discuss the jurors’ ages, professions, or the dynamics between the different jurors. Normally it wouldn’t be acceptable to repeatedly pause a movie for discussion, but it was widely accepted among our group and did not cause any conflicts. Another form of communication that our group used was the internet. It enabled us to receive papers via email attachment, and then download, print, edit, and return the changes at our own leisure. The only drawback with using the internet for communication is the lack of acknowledgement. In the future I will make sure that I ask the recipient to acknowledge that they have received my communication. Groups do not always start off fully-formed and functioning. Bruce Tuckman's model of the developmental sequence in small groups suggests that groups grow through clearly defined stages, from their creation as groups of individuals, to cohesive, task-focused teams. There are five stages of Tuckman’s theory, forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. During the forming stage of Tuckman's theory, group members meeting each other for the first time are primarily concerned with overcoming their discomfort with one another. In this phase, the group members are engaged in establishing boundaries and group norms for communication (Arnold & Boggs, 2011). In contrast to Tuckman’s description, our group did not introduce themselves or share their backgrounds or reasons for coming to the croup, since we have been together in class for a few weeks and had already been acquainted. Our group did not pass through all of Tuckman’s stages of group development. Specifically, we omitted the storming stage and passed from forming to norming. Tuckman's storming phase focuses on the interpersonal conflicts that erupt among the members as they compete with one another for leadership roles. According to Tuckman, the interpersonal conflicts that typically include personal criticisms undermine the group's ability to accomplish the task (Arnold & Boggs, 2011). There was no real conflict in our group, since there was no clear leader in our group and all of the members were very task oriented. According to Tuckman, during the norming phase the group has one goal and all group members take responsibility and work toward the success of the group's goals (Arnold & Boggs, 2011). Our group was able to arrive at this level of cohesiveness at the beginning of the first meeting. Our group agreed to watch the movie once by ourselves and then meet and watch the movie together, and once we had view the film we would decide as a group which questions to assign to each of the members. Tuckman’s preforming phase happened on our second meeting, when our group watched the movie. After viewing the movie we discussed each question and collaboratively decided who would be most knowledgeable about each of the different areas. After dividing up the different areas of the paper we decided on a date that we would email our individual sections to Katie. The final phase of Tuckman’s theory is the adjourning phase. Our group reached this phase after we completed our final paper with the satisfaction of all of the group members. I left the group with a real feeling of satisfaction at having achieved what I set out to do. Throughout this group process has been helpful in a number of ways. I have learned how to communicate more effectively and I have also learned to step outside of my comfort zone. I have also leaned to be more conscious of my body language, because it is more effective than what you say. This group project has helped me learn how to convey my thoughts, feelings, opinions and ideas to my group in an effective manner. . I will be able to apply what I have learned to my work and also to future group projects at school. Groups are a fundamental structure for accomplishing a wide variety of tasks. An effective group has many traits or characteristics that combine to ensure that it is able to reach its goals and objectives in a manner that is conducive to a high level of performance. Most groups go through five separate stages before achieving effective collaboration. Bruce Tuckman described these stages as forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Several factors affect group performance: composition, size, norms, and cohesiveness. In working with groups it is important to be aware of the many factors that affect group performance and understand the individual as well as the group issues.

The Protestant Reformation Essay - 1014 Words

The intent of this paper is to evaluate the distinct character and quality of the expressions of the Protestant Reformation. This paper will discuss Lutheran Reformation, The Anabaptist, and The English Puritans as well as the Catholic Reformation also known as the Counter Reformation. It is the hope that after the reader has had the opportunity to view each of the characteristics and the expressions of each of the reformation the reader will have a better understanding of each and will be able to articulate the differences of each. The Protestant Reformation called the Protestant Revolt and known too many as The Reformation. This movement was the European Christian reform movement this was the beginning of Protestantism the branch of†¦show more content†¦Written in his theses was the debate and criticism of the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope. Luther concentrated upon the selling of indulgences, which are extra-sacrament remission of the temporal punishment due in God’s justice, to sin that has been forgiven, which remission is granted by the Church in the exercise of the power of the keys (Knight 1993, 2009) the indulgences replaced the severe penances of the early church. The theses also included the debate of doctrine policies about purgatory, judgment, devotion to Mary the Mother of Jesus, the intercession of and devotion to the saints and the authority of the Pope there are others that were not mention in this paper. The Lutheran Reformation is particularly associated with the German ter ritories and the pervasive personal influence of one charismatic individual Martin Luther. Luther’s concern was the doctrine of justification, which formed his central point of his religious thoughts. The Lutheran Reformation was initially an academic movement, concerned primarily with reforming the teaching of theology at the University of Wittenberg (McGrath 2007). The Lutheran began in 1822 this happen after Luther’s return to Wittenberg from his enforced isolation in Wartburg. Luther was condemned for â€Å"false doctrine† by the Diet of Worms in 1512 (Noll 2000). TheShow MoreRelatedThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesThe Protestant Reformation Why the Protestant Reformation is considered a significant development in the Christian Church. The Protestant Reformation was an event which occurred within the Catholic Church during the 16th century. This Reformation was prompted by Martin Luther’s ‘95 theses’ which were a list of 95 criticisms towards the church. The Reformation formed another branch of Christianity called Protestantism which is comprised of many different Christian denominations including AnglicanRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation871 Words   |  4 PagesThe Protestant Reformation was a pivotal time of European history that occurred during the 16th century. The Protestant Reformation was comprised of people called â€Å"reformers† that challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice (â€Å"The Reformation†). The Protestant Reformation was revolutionary due to the fact that the reformers preached against everything the Catholic Church had been teaching. Some famous reformers are John Calvin an d Martin LutherRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation916 Words   |  4 PagesThe Protestant Reformation took place in the 16th century and was a major European movement whose goal was to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. This movement led to people worshipping God as they wanted and no longer relying on the Catholic Church for guidance with religious matters. Even though people were doing what they believed, the Protestant Reformation brought many conflicts. Religious disagreements caused bloody conflicts all over Europe. The principal figureRead MoreThe Reformation Of The Protestant Reformation798 Words   |  4 Pagesyour way to heaven sounds nice does it not? During the time period of the Protestant Reformation you were able to do just that. When most people think of the Protestant Reformation it is often associated with a time of crisis for the Catholic Church. This specific time period challenges and characterizes the new directi on that would be taken in Western Europe. A specific moment in the beginning of the Protestant Reformation would soon lead to the development of early modern Europe, that moment wasRead MoreThe Reformation And The Protestant Reformation876 Words   |  4 Pages The 16th century reformation is also known as the Protestant reformation. There are a various number of causes for the Protestant reformation. The causes of the reformation will be analyzed from two different perspectives: Germany s causes and Europe s causes. The results of reformation will be examined. Major contributors such as Martin Luther and John Calvin s perspectives and contributions will also be analyzed and the impact they had during their time period.  People in Europe during theRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation1619 Words   |  7 Pagesany better when multiple wars are started because of a disagreement in how to worship. The Protestant Reformation was a widespread epidemic that started with Martin Luther noticing severe problems in the way the Roman Catholic Church was running, and that there were simple and more holy methods and worshipping God, leading to the creation of Lutheranism. There was an uproar in Germany over this new reformation, and it caught the attention of John Calvin who then strove to create Calvinism with theRead MoreProtestant Reformation And The Reformation1727 Words   |  7 PagesHI 101 Essay 3 Zhenli Xu Protestant Reformation Protestant Reformation is admittedly one of the most important schisms in the history of Christianity. It started with Martin Luther nailing the Ninety-Five Theses on the door of the Catholic Church in Germany in 1517, and ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The Reformation was a religious movement triggered by the rise of humanism during the Renaissance and the general corruption of the Roman Catholic Church that eventually led to theRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation971 Words   |  4 PagesCatholic Church: the English Reformation. The English Reformation wasn’t the only movement that led to the separation from the Catholic Church, though. The Protestant Reformation, starting only ten years before the English Reformation did, first recognized the corruption of the Catholic Church. The English Reformation noticed the corruptions of the Catholic Church, but was more focused on creating new political and religious authority. Both of these refo rmations relate to one another greatlyRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation Essay1978 Words   |  8 PagesFrom the time Christianity began to the time of the Protestant Reformation, for about a millennium and a half, there was only one sect of Christianity: Catholicism. After the Protestant Reformation, however, different Christian denominations sprang up in many parts of Europe. The Protestant Reformation’s beginning is most commonly associated with Martin Luther’s beliefs and his protest of the wrongdoings of the Catholic Church. Before the Reformation, the Catholic Church was more interested in raisingRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation912 Words   |  4 PagesThe Protestant Reformation particularly was the 16th century religious, political, scholarly and very definitely social change that separated Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and convictions that would for the most part essentially characterize the landmass in the cutting e dge time in a subtle way in a subtle way. In northern and focal Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII tested ecclesiastical power and scrutinized the Catholic Church s capacity to

Why I Am A Teacher - 909 Words

Writing papers is definitely my weakest skill in school. At the beginning of high school, I had already acquired plenty of experience writing and had found my style of writing. High School has given me a chance to further explore different ways to write and allowed me to learn what I do and do not like writing about. This past semester of DE English has felt like the next step in my evolution as a writer. During middle school I wrote in my english classes many times just like everyone else. However, I was in a program called â€Å"Focus† from fifth to eighth grade, which is for students that the teacher thought were gifted. Most of the focus assignments were papers. These papers were about many things including history, literature, and how we felt about things. The first paper my Focus teacher gave us in sixth grade defined how I would write up until now and will probably continue to define how I write. The prompt was something along the lines of define and give examples of what courage is. This paper had to be between one and two pages, although I found a way to write it in less. I waited until the day it was due and typed up a paper that read, â€Å"Courage is writing one sentence for this paper and turning it in.† I ended up getting a good grade on the paper. Wittiness and procrastination has been my writing style for the past seven years. I usually wait until the las t minute and try to write about something that is as far from the topic as possible without getting points off of myShow MoreRelatedWhy I Am A Teacher807 Words   |  4 Pageswhat kind of job a person is going to take, a basic question to answer is about why. Why I want to be a teacher? This is one thing about which I has to be very clear before I decide on anything else such as what type of teacher I desire, or which subject, or where I want to teach. There are several aspects that have motivated me to be a teacher. First, the significant position of education in China makes teacher a most honored and respected role that attracts me. Second, my interest in teachingRead MoreWhy I Am A Teacher1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe first reason I decided to become a teacher because I have always enjoyed interacting, inspiring and guiding young people. I remember as a kid I always used my little chalkboard and pretend to teach to my friends what I had learned in school. I am also very pa tient and love to learn new material and explain it to others. The second reason, my ESL teacher during my first high school year was a real inspiration to me; I admire her ability to guide students. The third reason, when I started workingRead MoreWhy I Am A Teacher1425 Words   |  6 PagesThe people in my life I have always looked up to the most have been my teachers. When I was a child, they seemed all-powerful, the givers of the knowledge I didn’t even know I sought. Now, as a teenager, I still hold the opinion that educating the next generation is one of the noblest tasks a person can devote themselves to. Like many children, I went through many â€Å"dream career† phases: astronaut first, inspired by the â€Å"Magic School Bus† books, then veterinarian, a seemingly natural fit with my loveRead MoreWhy I Am A Teacher Essay1577 Words   |  7 PagesDream Big I clearly remember the day my mother brought home a small wooden desk for me. I cherish that desk so much because not only did I use it to do my homework, but I also used to play school. Even though I was very young, I knew I wanted to be a teacher. So the years went by and I was now a senior in high school and so close to achieving my goal of being a teacher. I knew attending college would be difficult, my parents, older sister, and I had no clue where to begin, or if it was evenRead MoreWhy I Am A Teacher933 Words   |  4 Pagesage I remember that being drilled into my brain, if you don’t learn to write you won’t go into the next grade, if your handwriting is too bad you won’t get into the next grade, I remember those words being shoved down my throat every single solitary year of school. When I was starting kindergarten I could already write the basics because my parents thought this was a very important skill and made sure both my brother and I could bot h read and write well enough. I remember the nights where I wouldRead MoreWhy I Am A Teacher1913 Words   |  8 PagesEver since I can remember, I’ve wanted to be a teacher. I remember sitting in grade school thinking, â€Å"Someday, I’d love to be doing what my teacher is doing now.† And amazingly, as I grew older, the age level at which I wanted to teach got bigger and bigger. However, as I approached the completion of my high school years, I realized that while teaching was a passion, it wasn’t a profession. It wasn’t the money necessarily (though that is daunting to a student going into education) but I realizedRead MoreWhy I Am A Teacher1194 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Growing up, I was the daughter and granddaughter of excellent teachers. I always saw how dedicated my mother and grandmother were to their profession. I saw first-hand the late night grading, the parent-teacher conferences, and all the joys and burdens of being a teacher. So, without a doubt I knew I wanted to experience the same joy of being a teacher and being able to inspire students to learn, just like my mother and grandmother. I learned early on that teaching was not a regularRead MoreWhy I Am A Teacher1221 Words   |  5 Pagesunique, influential teacher to drive a student into a specific field, and in my case, those teachers were Ms. Kim and Mr. Salters. When I entered fifth grade, I thought math was fun and interesting, but then in Mr. George’s class, I was berated quite loudly in front of the entire class for being an idiot after misplacing a digit. I had loved science and math until that point. For many students, this would be the end of the road for loving math and science. Thankfully, later I was fortunate enoughRead MoreWhy I Am A Teacher Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pages INTRODUCTION I believe that because I have wanted to be a teacher since I was a little girl. Not only have I wanted becoming a teacher for many years, but also I have had many teachers in my past, good and bad, who have assisted me in realizing that teaching was the profession for me. I have started to work as a teacher assistant in a school for autistic children. Teaching is a challenging task. One shall perform his duty with the highest degree of excellence, professionalismRead MoreWhy I Am A Teacher Essay859 Words   |  4 PagesTeacher Questionnaire 1. Yes. And I believe teacher minister students beyond just what he/she lectures. When I was teaching art in the university, just my students are asked to be committed in their studies in art, making connection with the practical fields, I hold myself to set an example for students in commitment and integrity as an artist. I believe a teacher plays the role as a guide and a supporter in students’ learning progress. 2. Growing up, I was blessed with several passionate teachers

A Wrinkle in Time Chapters 1-2 Questions and Answers Free Essays

Chapter 1 (Q)List all of Meg’s problems. Which one do you think is the most important? Why? (A) Meg has many problems such as she is too effusive. Another one of her problems is that she has much trouble at school. We will write a custom essay sample on A Wrinkle in Time Chapters 1-2 Questions and Answers or any similar topic only for you Order Now A few examples of this would be that her teachers threaten to hold her back for her poor academic grades, she is teased very often of acting like a baby at lunch, and she fights when she or a family member of hers is insulted all this lowering her position in school. Meg’s family is also gossiped about. She has a â€Å"dumb baby brother† who is actually very intelligent but considered insane. Her father is also talked about. Using context clues I can infer that Meg’s father is not home. Meg is also unpresentable, she has unattractive mouse brown hair and revolting braces stuck on her teeth. Another problem is the setting, Meg is in the attic at night-while everyone is sleeping and there have been several hurricane warnings. What makes the situation even worse is that there is a tramp (sometimes called hobos) out on the loose. Personally, I think that Meg’s most important problem is that she is too hard on herself. I feel this way because not only is she a poor student, with terrible facial looks, and overemotional she makes herself believe that she is all these things. She even tells her cat that she is a monster. The worse she feels the worse she acts around people and the more people talk bad about her. (Q) How is Charles Wallace different from most 5 year olds? (A) Charles Wallace is different from most five year olds in many ways. For starters, he is terribly shy and doesn’t talk around unfamiliar people-giving him the reputation as a â€Å"dumb baby brother†. His shyness is not the only reason he is considered unintelligent but his lack of language until he was 4. Charles is also different because he is very fluent in English and talks like an adult. He also has a gifted sixth sense to be able to read his sister’s and mother’s minds. For example, when Meg was getting up to have some cocoa he already knew and was warming some up for her. Chapter 2 (Q) What do you think happened to Meg’s father? What clues from the book support your opinion? (A) I think Meg’s father was working on an experiment or trying to create a medicine while something went wrong and he never came home. Using clues from the book I can also infer that he is alive and that some people are thinking that he has left the Murray family. My evidence from the book is that Mr. Jenkins is asking if they had head from his father. So that assures me that Mr. Murray is alive. Mr. Jenkins also makes it clear that Mr. Murray was a scientist rising my thoughts that he may have been working on something when How to cite A Wrinkle in Time Chapters 1-2 Questions and Answers, Essays

High speed pursuits free essay sample

Introduction The goal of this paper is to inform the public of the difficult decisions that law enforcement officers and officials have to make on a daily basis in regards to police pursuits. This also includes the potential safety risks to the public, officers and suspects that are involved or not involved in a police pursuit. This paper will also highlight the statistics of police pursuits as well as the efforts and processes that are involved in making police pursuit policies. Police pursuits are often sudden decisions that have the potential to affect many other people’s lives. Police pursuits are a hard subject to fully understand by law enforcement and the public. Some people look at the frightening statistics that one person dies everyday, one police officer dies every 11 weeks or 1% of all line of duty police deaths are from police pursuits (Schultz, Hudak, and Alpert, 2010). Others look at the fact that if law enforcement doesn’t chase suspects that everyone one will end up fleeing if they know that no one will chase them or that serial killers will escape and kill someone else. We will write a custom essay sample on High speed pursuits or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These are some of the issues that challenge law enforcement officials to create pursuit policies. The hope is that this information will change the public’s view of police pursuits and make the public think about all the facts and circumstance before forming an opinion on police pursuits. This will affirm the hypothesis that although police pursuits are a dangerous task that law enforcement must perform in certain situations, they must be terminated on occasion due to the public and officers safety. Termination of police pursuits should take location, speed and the offense of the suspect into account before they are terminated. Pursuit Basics Records of police pursuits show many disparaging facts. The majority of all pursuits start with a traffic violation (Schultz, Hudak, and Alpert, 2010). A series of North American studies have concluded that once a law enforcement officer initiates a pursuit there is a forty percent chance or two in five pursuits will end in a collision (Best Eves, 2005). One out of one hundred high-speed pursuits end in a death, innocent bystanders that are in the wrong place at the wrong time account for forty two percent of people killed or injured in a police pursuit (Schultz, Hudak, and Alpert, 2010). Officers are in charge of protecting the public’s safety, which requires serious social risks and personal risks. When an officer initiates a stop on a vehicle, if the vehicle flees, the officer will pursue. In doing this, the officer responds to the suspects actions (acting as though they have no rules) with an approach to catch him. While trying to catch the suspect, the officer has to be vastly aware of his abilities, the environment around them and the road conditions to accomplish the goal of capturing the suspect (Schultz, Hudak, and Alpert, 2010). The officer will have to add to his decision-making process, to continue pursuit or call it off, the risk that is being created by the suspects reckless driving. They also have to think of bystanders and actions they could impose on the situation that could influence the suspect’s actions. The officer must also think about the likelihood of capture in the decision to continue the chase or call it off. The officer must realize and understand that a suspect’s refusal to stop when lights and sirens are initiated can turn into a high-risk dangerous event where the show of authority may negatively affect the suspects driving (Schulz, Hudak, and Apert 2010). The need to win and get the arrest can be due to the adrenaline high experienced by the officer. The officer must realize that the suspect is likely having the same adrenaline rush. The suspect is fleeing to escape the consequence of the actions that got him into the situation, which was likely a minor offense (Schultz, Hudak, and Alpert, 2010). Officer’s face many challenges trying to get the suspect vehicle stopped with so few ways to accomplish this. The officer can try a tire deflation device, a PIT (precision immobilization technique) at the right speed and location or use of deadly force (Schulz, Hudak, and Apert 2010). Many policies direct officers to stop, pull over, radio in their position and drive away from the suspect to signal they have given up the chase when terminating a pursuit (Schulz, Hudak, and Apert 2010). Doing this will let the suspect think he essentially won and will slow down. The suspect typically slows down after a reasonable amount of time (Schultz, Hudak, and Alpert, 2010). Why Pursuits are Initiated Surveys conducted on suspects that have been involved in a police chase show some interesting facts. Their average age was 26 years old, ninety four percent male, thirty percent ended in a crash, thirty percent stopped, and twenty five percent out ran the police (Schulz, Hudak, and Apert 2010). Reasons for fleeing included thirty two percent driving a stolen car, twenty seven percent had a suspended driver’s license, twenty seven percent didn’t want to get arrested, and twenty one percent were driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol (Schulz, Hudak, and Apert 2010). Seventy five percent of suspects also stated that they would slow down when they felt safe (Schulz, Hudak, and Apert 2010). Feeling safe meant that they didn’t hear sirens or see lights for at least two blocks in town or two and a half miles on the highway (Schulz, Hudak, and Apert 2010). Pursuit Policy Police departments spend a great deal of money and time creating pursuit policies to ensure the safety of the public and department employees. Some states like Minnesota have created a policy for departments to build off of. According to Minnesota rule 6700. 2701 a pursuit is justified when: a) A vehicle operator fails to stop after being given a visual or audible signal to stop by a peace officer; and b) There is reasonable expectation of a successful apprehension of the suspect. Many states have focused on safety and departmental liability concerns but many agencies are in want and need of more inclusive written pursuit policies (Hicks, 2006). Court Cases Police pursuits have led to the Supreme Court making decisions based on past pursuits that have occurred. One of the main cases that changed state laws and policies was in Brower v. County of Inyo (1989). In this case an officer radioed ahead to set up a road block with a tractor trailer after chasing Brower for nearly 20 miles. Brower hit the tractor trailer at a high rate of speed and was killed. Brower’s family filed a civil suit and it was determined that Brower’s constitutional rights were violated subjecting him to an unreasonable seizure (Benoit, 2007). Injuries and Safety The largest concern that is seen in pursuit policies is safety of the public and officers involved. Most pursuit policies don’t mention anything about the suspect involved as it relates to safety. The topic of safety becomes an interesting subject when examining the statistics. Out of 7,737 pursuits, only nine percent or 694 incidents were documented (Lum Fachner, 2008). Those injuries included minor, serious and fatalities. The fatalities only accounted for three percent or 23 out of all the 694 incidents (Lum Fachner, 2008). When looking at statistic for injuries to public and bystanders the location of the pursuit needs to be taken into account. It is a myth that most injuries happen in urban areas (Lum Fachner, 2008). Even though the vast majority of police pursuits 72% occur in the urban environment the majority of injuries 33% happen in suburban environment (Lum Fachner, 2008). This is one area that research is not readily available due to the myth that injuries mostly happen in urban areas verse suburban areas. One also would think that road conditions would play a role in how often or serious accidents would occur during a police pursuit. If you look at the (2008) study, of Police Pursuits the incidents with injuries occurred with the following road conditions; ninety two percent occurred on dry roads, one and a half percent occurred on icy roads, a half of one percent occurred on snowy roads, and five percent occurred on wet roads (Lum Fachner, 2008). Looking at those statistics the thought of weather and road conditions playing a role isn’t confirmed. Looking at traffic conditions playing a role as it relates to injuries it’s found that over three quarters of pursuits take place in light traffic conditions (Lum Fachner, 2008). Looking at the (2008) study, of Police Pursuits the incidents with injuries occurred with the following traffic conditions; seventy one percent occurred during a light traffic period, twenty three percent occurred during a moderate traffic period, and five percent occurred during a heavy traffic period (Lum Fachner, 2008). Looking at those statistics the thought of traffic conditions playing a role isn’t confirmed. The one category that is found to have a strong conclusion of affecting the percentage of injuries was lighting conditions. Using the same (2008) study, of Police Pursuits the incidents with injuries thirty four percent occurred in the daylight hours, six percent occurred in the dusk or semi dark hours, and sixty percent occurred in the dark hours (Lum Fachner, 2008). The thought of lighting playing a role in injury related police pursuits is not confirmed or denied but one could make a strong argument that it does affect injuries. Suspect The average citizen that sees the news or media assumes that if someone is running from law enforcement that person has committed murder or is a serial killer. If one would look at the statistics from police pursuits they would be very disappointed and find that most are running for minor crimes (Lum Fachner, 2008). The average age of a pursued suspect is twenty-six years old and ninety four percent were males (Schulz, Hudak, and Apert 2010). About fifty percent of suspects being pursued are licensed (Lum Fachner, 2008). Looking at the final outcome of a pursuit thirty percent of pursuits are ended when the suspect crashes, another thirty percent are ended when the suspect stops and gives up, and twenty five percent end when the suspect out runs law enforcement and the pursuit is terminated (Schulz, Hudak, and Apert, 2010). Of the pursuits that have been analyzed for suspects fleeing thirty two percent were driving a stolen car, twenty seven percent had a suspended driver’s license, twenty seven percent wanted to avoid arrest, and twenty one percent were driving under the influence (Schulz, Hudak, and Apert, 2010). After looking at these numbers, there is no statistical support that murderers or serial killers are leading majority of the pursuits. How pursuits are terminated Law enforcement might want to think they are the main reason pursuits are ended or terminated but with history and statistics from other pursuits that have occurred it’s known that the suspect that is fleeing is in control. Thirty six percent of all pursuits are ended with the suspect stopping and giving up (Lum Fachner, 2008). By adding up the next two highest reason the suspect involved in a collision eighteen percent or the suspect out running or eluding law enforcement eighteen percent they are equal to the suspect stopping (Lum Fachner, 2008). The next four reasons are that either the officer, the officer’s supervisor or police intervention don’t add up to a third of the suspect stopping (Lum Fachner, 2008). Less then five percent of pursuits end with law enforcement using methods to disable the suspect’s vehicle (Lum Fachner, 2008). The media and television give the public the non-realistic view of police pursuits. They show the pursuit ending with a spike strip and the suspect’s tires deflating making the suspect come to a nice and slow stop statistics show this to only be about three and one half of one percent (Lum Fachner, 2008). The other termination method that is displayed in the media is the precision immobilization technique P. I. T. this technique is only used in special circumstances approximately (. 7%) of the time (Lum Fachner, 2008). Conclusion To sum up the research that has been completed with the question of what’s more important in a police pursuit the risk of injury or the apprehension of the suspect. With all the statistics that have been found and reports that have been compiled the answer is a difficult one to fully commit to. If one would just look at the few injuries that happen you might say that is too many. Also, if one would look at the few that get away that are actual violent offenders or suspects you might say that is too many that get away. The statistics show that police pursuits are not as deadly as they are made out to be from the media. However, in the wrong situation a pursuit isn’t justifiable especially in low light situations like statistics report that most happen. I think with the way technology is advancing in today’s day and age society will see plenty of new ideas that will change the way pursuits are handled. With that said the Iowa State Patrol is installing a new piece of equipment on their squad cars the device is called Starchase (Goudie, 2013). With this device the officer can deploy a device that looks like a foam soda pop can that stick to the back of the suspects car (Goudie, 2013). The device contains a G. P. S. Global Positioning System chip in it, which allows officers to stop pursuit and locate the suspect via the squad computer at a safer speed (Goudie, 2013). The device comes with a price tag of $5,000 and the cartages that are not reusable at $500 a piece (Goudie, 2013). Ideas like this or similar to this I believe is the best option to make everyone involved happy. The officer is able to apprehend the suspect and the public will stay safe and not have the risk of injury. The cost of the item is expensive but who says they can’t charge the suspect that amount of money before they are released from jail. If anything the suspect will think twice before fleeing again once they pay an extra $500 fine.